Fool Chapter 7

SEVEN A BROTHER TRAITOR Am I to be forever alone? The anchoress told me it might be so, trying to comfort me when I felt pushed aside by the sisters of Dog Snogging. â€Å"You're gifted with wit, Pocket, but to cast jibe and jest you must stand separate from the target of your barbs. I fear you may become a lonely man, even in the company of others.† Perhaps she was right. Perhaps it is why I am such an accomplished horn-beast and eloquent crafter of cuckoldry. I seek only succor and solace beneath the skirts of the soft and understanding. And so, sleepless, did I make my way to the great hall to find some comfort among the castle wenches who slept there. The fire still blazed, logs the size of oxen set in before bed. My sweet Squeak, who had oft opened her heart and whatnot to a wayfaring fool, had fallen asleep in the arms of her husband, who spooned her mercilessly as he snored. Shanker Mary was not to be seen, no doubt servicing the bastard Edmund somewhere, and my other standard lovelies had fallen into slumber in proximity too close to husbands or fathers to admit a lonely fool. Ah, but the new girl, just in the kitchen a fortnight, called Tess or Kate or possibly Fiona. Her hair was jet and shone like oiled iron; milky skin, cheeks brushed by a rose – she smiled at my japes and had given Drool an apple without his asking. I am relatively sure that I adored her. I tiptoed across the rushes that lined the floor (I had left Jones in my chamber, his hat bells no help in securing stealthy romance), lay down beside her, and introduced my personage to the nether of her blanket. An affectionate nudge at the hip woke her. â€Å"Hello,† said she. â€Å"Hello,† said I. â€Å"Not a papist, are you, love?† â€Å"Christ, no, Druid born and raised.† â€Å"Thank God.† â€Å"What are you doing under my blanket?† â€Å"Warming up. I'm terribly cold.† â€Å"No you're not.† â€Å"Brrrr. Freezing.† â€Å"It's hot in here.† â€Å"All right, then. I'm just being friendly.† â€Å"Would you stop prodding me with that?† â€Å"Sorry, it does that when it's lonely. Perhaps if you petted it.† Then, praised be the merciful goddess of the wood, she petted it, tentatively, almost reverentially at first, as if she sensed how much joy it could bring to all who came in contact with it. An adaptable lass, not given to fits of hysteria or modesty – and soon a gentle surety in her grip that betrayed some experience in the handling of manly bits – simply lovely she was. â€Å"I thought it would have a little hat, with bells.† â€Å"Ah, yes. Well, given a private place to change, I'm sure that can be arranged. Under your skirt, perhaps. Roll to the side, love, we'll be less obvious if we keep the cuddle on a lateral plane.† I popped her bosoms out of her frock, then, freed the roly-poly pink-nosed puppies to the firelight and the friendly ministries of this master juggler, and thought to burble my cheeks softly between them, when the ghost appeared. The spirit was more substantial now, features describing what must have been a most comely creature before she was shuffled off to the undiscovered country, no doubt by a close relative weary of her irritating nature. She floated above the sleeping form of the cook Bubble, rising and falling on the draft of her snores. â€Å"Sorry to haunt you while you're rogering the help,† said the ghost. â€Å"The rogering has not commenced, wisp, I have barely bridled the horse for a moist and bawdy ride. Now, go away.† â€Å"Right, then. Sorry to have interrupted your attempted rogering.† â€Å"Are you calling me a horse?† asked Possibly Fiona. â€Å"Not at all, love, you pet the little jester and I'll attend to the haunting.† â€Å"There's always a bloody ghost about, ain't there?† commented Possibly, a squeeze on my knob for emphasis. â€Å"When you live in a keep where blood runs blue and murder is the favored sport, yes,† said the ghost. â€Å"Oh do fuck off,† said I. â€Å"Thou visible stench, thou steaming aggravation, thou vaporous nag! I'm wretched, sad, and lonely, and trying to raise a modicum of comfort and forgetting here in the arms of, uh – â€Å" â€Å"Kate,† said Possibly Fiona. â€Å"Really?† She nodded. â€Å"Not Fiona?† â€Å"Kate since the day me da tied me belly cord to a tree.† â€Å"Well, bugger. Sorry. Pocket here, called the Black Fool, charmed I'm sure. Shall I kiss your hand?† â€Å"Double-jointed, then, are ye?† said Kate, a tickle to my tackle making her point. â€Å"Bloody hell, would you two shut up?† said the ghost. â€Å"I'm haunting over here.† â€Å"Go on,† said we. The ghost boosted her bosom and cleared her throat, expecto-rating a tiny ghost frog that evaporated in the firelight with a hiss, then said: â€Å"When a second sibling's base derision, Proffers lies that cloud the vision, And severs ties that families bind, Shall a madman rise to lead the blind.† â€Å"What?† said the former Fiona. â€Å"What?† said I. â€Å"Prophecy of doom, innit?† said the ghost. â€Å"Spot o' the old riddly foreshadowing from beyond, don't you know?† â€Å"Can't kill her again, can we?† asked faux Fiona. â€Å"Gentle spook,† said I. â€Å"If it is a warning you bring, state it true. If action you require, ask outright. If music you must make, play on. But by the wine-stained balls of Bacchus, speak your bloody business, quick and clear, then be gone, before time's iron tongue licks away my mercy bonk with second thoughts.† â€Å"You are the haunted one, fool. It's your business I do. What do you want?† â€Å"I want you to go away, I want Fiona to come along quietly, and I want Cordelia, Drool, and Taster back – now, can you tell me how to make those things come about? Can you, you yammering flurry of fumes?† â€Å"It can be done,† said the ghost. â€Å"Your answer lies with the witches of Great Birnam Wood.† â€Å"Or you could just fucking tell me,† said I. â€Å"Nooooo,† sang the ghost, all ghosty and ethereal, and with that she faded away. â€Å"Leaves a chill when she goes, don't she?† said formerly Fiona. â€Å"Appears to have softened your resolve, if you don't mind my sayin'.† â€Å"The ghost saved my life last evening,† said I, trying to will life back into the wan and withered. â€Å"Kilt the little one, though, didn't she? Back to your bed, fool, the king's leaving on the morrow and there's a wicked lot of work to do in the morning to prepare for his trip.† Sadly, I tucked away my tackle and sulked back to the portislodge to pack my kit for my final journey from the White Tower. Well, I won't miss the bloody trumpets at dawn, I can tell you that. And sod the bloody drawbridge chains rattling in my apartment before the cock crows. We might have been going to war for all the racket and goings-on at first light. Through the arrow loop I could see Cordelia riding out with France and Burgundy, standing in the stirrups like a man, like she was off to the hunt, rather than leaving her ancestral home forever. To her credit, she did not look back, and I did not wave to her, even after she crossed the river and rode out of sight. Drool was not so fickle, and as he was led out of the castle by a rope round his neck, he kept stopping and looking back, until the man at arms to whom he was tethered would yank him back into step. I could not bear to let him see me, so I did not go out onto the wall. Instead I slunk back to my pallet and lay there, my forehead pressed to the cold stone wall, listening as the rest of the royals and their retinues clomped across the drawbridge below. Sod Lear, sod the royals, sod the bloody White Tower. All I loved was gone or soon to be left behind, and all that I owned was packed in a knapsack and hung on my hook, Jones sticking out the top, mocking me with his puppety grin. Then, a knock at my door. Like dragging myself from the grave, was making my way to open it. There she stood, fresh and lovely, holding a basket. â€Å"Fiona!† â€Å"Kate,† said Fiona. â€Å"Aye, your stubbornness suits you, even in daylight.† â€Å"Bubble sends her sympathies over Taster and Drool, and sends you these sweet cakes and milk for your comfort, but says to be sure and remind you to not leave the castle without saying your farewells, and further that you are a cur, a rascal, and a scurvy patch.† â€Å"Ah, sweet Bubble, when kindness shagged an ogre, thus was she sired.† â€Å"And I'm here to offer comfort myself, finishing what was started in the great hall last night. Squeak says to ask you about a small chap in a canoe.† â€Å"My my, Fi, bit of a tart, aren't we?† â€Å"Druish, love. My people burn a virgin every autumn – one can't be too careful.† â€Å"Well, all right, but I'm forlorn and I shan't enjoy it.† â€Å"In that we shall suffer together. Onward! Off with your kit, fool!† What is it about me that brings out the tyrant in women, I wonder? â€Å"The next morning† stretched into a week of preparation for departure from the White Tower. When Lear pronounced that he would be accompanied by one hundred knights it was not as if one hundred men could mount up and ride out of the gates at sunrise. Each knight – the unlanded second or third son of a noble – would have at least one squire, a page, usually a man to tend his horses, and sometimes a man at arms. Each had at least one warhorse, a massive armored beast, and two, sometimes three animals to carry his armor, weapons, and supplies. And Albany was three weeks' journey to the north, near Aberdeen; with the slow pace set by the old king and so many on foot we'd need a crashing assload of supplies. By the end of the week our column numbered over five hundred men and boys, and nearly as many horses. We would have needed a wagon full of coin to pay everyone if Lear had not conscripted Albany and Cornwall to maintain his knights. I watched Lear pass under the portislodge at the head of the column before going downstairs and climbing on my own mount, a short, swayback mare named Rose. â€Å"Mud shall not sully my Black Fool's motley, lest it dull his wit as well,† said Lear, the day he presented the horse. I did not own the horse, of course. She belonged to the king – or now his daughters, I suppose. I fell in at the end of the column behind Hunter, who was accompanied by a long train of hounds and a wagon with a cage built on it, which held eight of the royal falcons. â€Å"We'll be raiding farms before we get to Leeds,† said Hunter, a stout, leather-clad man, thirty winters on his back. â€Å"I can't feed this lot – and they've not enough stowed to last them a week.† â€Å"Cry calamity if you will, Hunter, but I'm the one to keep them in good spirits when their bellies are empty.† â€Å"Aye, I've no envy for you, fool. Is that why you ride back here with we catch-farts and not at the king's side?† â€Å"Just drawing plans for a bawdy song at supper without the clank of armor in my ear, good Hunter.† I wanted to tell Hunter that I was not overburdened by my duties, but by my disdain for the senile king who had sent my princess away. And I wanted time to ponder the ghost's warnings. The bit about daughters three and the king becoming a fool had come to pass, or at least was in the way of it. So the girl ghost had predicted the â€Å"grave offense† to â€Å"daughter's three† even if all the daughters had not seen the offense yet – when Lear arrived at Albany with this rowdy retinue, offense would soon follow. But what of this: â€Å"When a second sibling's base derision, proffers lies that cloud the vision†? Did it mean the second daughter? Regan? What did it matter if her lies clouded Lear's vision? The king was nearly blind as it was, his eyes milky with cataract – I'd taken to describing my pantomimes as I performed them so the old man would not miss the joke. And with no power, what tie could be severed that would make a difference now? A war between the two dukes? None of it about me, why do I care? Why then would the ghost appear to this most irrelevant and powerless fool? I puzzled it, and fell far behind the column, and when I stopped to have a wee, was accosted by a brigand. He came up from behind a fallen tree, a great bear of a fiend, his beard matted and befouled with food and burrs, a maelstrom of grey hair flying about under a wide-brimmed black hat. I may have screamed in surprise, and a less educated ear might have likened my shriek to that of a little girl, but be assured it was most manly and more for the fair warning of my attacker, for next I knew I had pulled a dagger from the small of my back and sent it flying. His miserable life was saved only by my slight miscalculation of his distance – the butt of my blade bounced off his behatted noggin with a thud. â€Å"Ouch! Fuck's sake, fool. What is wrong with you?† â€Å"Hold fast, knave,† said I. â€Å"I've two more blades at the ready, and these I'll send pointy end first – the quality of my mercy having been strained and my ire aroused by having peed somewhat upon my shoes.† I believed it a serviceable threat. â€Å"Hold your blades, Pocket. I mean you no harm,† came the voice under the hat brim. Then, â€Å"Y Ddraig Goch ddyry gychwyn.†[22] I wound up to send my second dagger to the scoundrel's heart, â€Å"You may know my name, but that gargling with catsick that you're doing will not stop me from dropping you where you stand.† â€Å"Ydych chi'n cymryd cerdynnau credid?†[23] said the highwayman, no doubt trying to frighten me further, his consonants chained like anal beads strung out of hell's own bunghole. â€Å"I may be small, but I'm not a child to be afraid of a pretended demon speaking in tongues. I'm a lapsed Christian and a pagan of convenience. The worst I can do on my conscience is cut your throat and ask the forest to count it as a sacrifice come the Yule, so cease your nonsense and tell me how you know my name.† â€Å"It's not nonsense, it's Welsh,† said the brigand. He folded back the brim of his hat and winked. â€Å"What say you save your wicked sting for an enemy true? It's me, Kent. In disguise.† Indeed, it was, the king's old banished friend – all of his royal trappings but his sword gone – he looked like he'd slept in the woods the week since I'd last seen him. â€Å"Kent, what are you doing here? You're as good as dead if the king sees you. I thought you'd be in France by now.† â€Å"I've no place to go – my lands and title are forfeit, what family I have would risk their own lives to take me in. I have served Lear these forty years, I am loyal, and I know nothing else. My thought is to affect accents and hide my face until he has a change of heart.† â€Å"Is loyalty a virtue when paid to virtue's stranger? I think not. Lear has misused you. You are mad, or stupid, or you lust for the grave, but there is no place for you, good greybeard, in the company of the king.† â€Å"And there is for you? Or did I not see you restrained and dragged from the hall for that same offense: truth told boldly? Don't preach virtue to me, fool. One voice can, without fear, call the king on his folly, and here he stands, piss-shoed, two leagues back from the train.† Fuckstockings, truth is a surly shrew sometimes! He was right, of course, loudmouthed old bull. â€Å"Have you eaten?† â€Å"Not for three days.† I went to my horse and dug into my satchel for some hard cheese and an apple I had left from Bubble's farewell gift. I gave them to Kent. â€Å"Come not too soon,† said I. â€Å"Lear still fumes about Cordelia's honest offense and your supposed treason. Follow behind to Albany's castle. I'll have Hunter leave a rabbit or a duck beside the road for you every day. Do you have flint and steel?† â€Å"Aye, and tinder.† I found the stub of a candle in the bottom of my bag and handed it to the old knight. â€Å"Burn this and catch the soot upon your sword, then rub the black into your beard. Cut your hair short and blacken it, too. Lear can't see clearly more than a few feet away, so keep your distance. And carry on with that ghastly Welsh accent.† â€Å"Perhaps I'll fool the old man, but what of the others?† â€Å"No righteous man thinks you a traitor, Kent, but I don't know all of these knights, nor which might reveal you to the king. Just stay out of sight and by the time we reach Albany's castle I'll have flushed out any knave who might betray your cause.† â€Å"You're a good lad, Pocket. If I've shown you disrespect in the past, I'm sorry.† â€Å"Don't grovel, Kent, it doesn't wear well on the aged. A swift sword and a strong shield are allies I can well use with scoundrels and traitors weaving intrigue about like the venomous spider-whore of Killarney.† â€Å"Spider-whore of Killarney? I've never heard of her?† â€Å"Aye, well, sit on that downed tree and eat your lunch. I'll spin the tale for you like it was web from her own bloody bum.† â€Å"You'll fall behind the column.† â€Å"Sod the column, that tottering old tosspot so slows them they'll be leaving a snail trail soon. Sit and listen, greybeard. By the way have you ever heard of Great Birnam Wood?† â€Å"Aye, it's not two miles from Albany.† â€Å"Really? How do you feel about witches?†

Case Study Hull North Ferriby – Describe the impact of the A63 (Ferriby by-pass) on North Ferriby

1. Describe the impact of the A63 (Ferriby by-pass) on North Ferriby. The A63 has made life easier for the residents of North Ferriby, noise and traffic has been significantly reduced as commuters travelling to Hull can use the by-pass instead of travelling on the B1231 through North Ferriby. The B1231 could become crowded if there was an accident or problem on the A63 as it could be closed meaning the B1231 would probably be used. 2. What is meant by the term satellite/commuter settlement? This is a village or town where the residents work in a nearby town or city. They live in the area and commute to work. The residents will be wealthy and own a car to drive to work. They consider living away from the city to be a better quality of life. 3. Describe the socio-economic groups that live in North Ferriby. Explain why they live in this location. The socio-economic groups are mainly skilled occupations, which are non-manual, managerial & technical. These are the groups with the highest percentages, 10% professional also live in the area. The people have a lot of money and can afford to live in the area, the houses are expensive and crime is low. 4. What is meant by the term â€Å"Counter Urbanisation†? You can read also Costco Case Study Counter urbanisation is the term used when people move away from the large cities towards the smaller towns and the countryside. 5. On a map of Hull mark on the â€Å"Rurban (Rural-Urban) Fringe†. 6. Using the deprivation map of Hull, how would you describe this area? To the south-east of the area the deprived area numbers are the greatest but as you look to the north-west the deprived area numbers fall and the map goes from dark to light meaning deprived to less deprived areas. The western side of Hull has the better quality of life; there are bigger houses and richer communities to be found there. As you move towards the east of Hull, the quality of life decreases and the houses become less respectable. Suburbia-Tranby 1. Describe the location in relation to Hull. Located 5 miles to the west of the city centre. 2. Describe the density and style of housing in the area. The houses are large sized detached or semi-detached with front and back gardens. They are quite far from the city centre so are very respectable, the density is low as the larger houses with gardens take up lots of space so there is a low density per km, this means that as you go from the city centre outwards the housing density will fall. 3. Describe the socio-economic structure of the area. The socio-economic groups are the highest towards the better end of the scale with few if any percentage of people at the bottom end of the scale. This shows that a lot of the people who live there will be rich and quite important people. 4. Describe the age structure of the people living there. The majority of the people living there are student age to middle age men and women. There are little people over 60 living there but there are older women living there. Hall Road – Inter War Housing 1.Describe the changes that have taken place in this environment. This area of Hull has recently undergone Envelope Action during the 1990's. The houses were improved one street at a time, which was cheaper, and the work was completed more quickly. Chimneys, windows, doors and roofs were all replaced, internal features were also improved and modernised with electricity and plumbing. Fences were erected and front gardens made. 2.How has the quality of life been improved? The standard of life was improved as each house was respectable and had its own land which helped neighbours socialise, also the house had hot water and electricity so were modernised and people could keep clean and warm. The houses wouldn't be damp any longer and drafts would also be reduced. The windows would do their job properly and keep the rain out. Orchard Park – Outer City Council Estate. 1.When was it built? It was built in the 1960's. 2.Why was it built? It was built to accommodate and improve the people in the area's quality of life. 3. Describe the style of residential accommodation. The housing was basic, with scarce space, had electricity and heated water supply. With all the heat and moisture inside and the thin walls separating the rooms from the outside, when it was cold outside and warm inside damp was caused inside the housing. 4. Describe the density and style of housing in the area. The density of housing in the area was very high, as many people would live in the high rise flats so the population would be very dense, also terraced housing would also be very dense as the houses were all joined together, and many all in one area. The houses were small so people would be almost packed into them adding to the density. The houses were scruffy looking and needed renovating. 5.To what extent were these an improvement to peoples ‘Quality of life'? The council basically gave people no choice in the matter and were forced to move into the high-rise flats. The houses were an improvement on their old housing but families were separated, people wasted money on transport into town and over the years the houses became damp and run down. This means that the residents quality of life wasn't really improved, they would probably have been happier overall if they had stayed in their old houses. 6.What groups of people live here? The socio economic groups are mainly unskilled and partly skilled workers. This shows that they will most probably be making little money and most probably have a basic education so the people would have a lot of difficulty trying to get a very well paid job. Princes Road 1.When was it built? Princes road was built in the 1900's. 2.What type of housing? The housing consists of terraced and low-rise flats. 3. Describe the Housing Tenure. The houses are mainly owner occupied, with either the occupier buying or owning the property, the houses which are rented are privately rented and not from the housing association or local authority. 4. Which groups of people live in the area? Give reasons why they may choose to live in this location. The majority of people are mainly 20 – 30 year old people both male and female. Great Thornton Street. Inner City Redevelopment 1. What changes took place during the 1960's? It has undergone â€Å"comprehensive redevelopment† during the late 1960's. 2. What style of residential accommodation was developed? The houses were improved if the actual structure of the house was sound. They would be fitted with new internal features such as hot water and indoor toilets. The houses were also made more respectable on the outside with new widows fitted and the walls painted, garden were also added which would improve the social environment as more people would talk and socialise. Chimneys, doors and roofs were all replaced, and fences erected also. 3. How did this improve the quality of life of people in the 1960's? Crime, burglary, car theft ; joy riding, prostitution and vandalism were reduced. The standard of life was improved as each house was respectable and had its own land which helped neighbours socialise, also the house had hot water and electricity so were modernised and people could keep clean and warm. The houses wouldn't be damp any longer and drafts would also be reduced. The windows would do their job properly and keep the rain out. 4. Between 1960 and 1980 this area began to experience problems. Describe these problems under the following headings: Built Environment. Social Environment. Economic Environment. Built Environment The houses and buildings began to become run down and worn out and were in a very bad state. Social Environment Families known as problem families made the area very rough and these families made crime, burglary, car theft & joy riding, prostitution and vandalism levels rise. These families were often moved on and the levels of violence etc would drastically reduce which solved the problems. Economic Environment The council would have had to pay for all the damage caused by the vandals and criminals, which would be a large amount of money as it will have all run up over time. Botanic Housing Action Area 1.When were the houses built? The houses were built in the 1900's and are mainly terraced. 2. What evidence can you find to see that this area has under gone â€Å"Envelope Action†? There are new chimneys, central heating, new doors, windows, window frames, brickwork has been uncluttered and more ‘defensible space', fences added, new plumbing and electric 3. How has this scheme improved the quality of life of people living in his area? Peoples quality of life have been greatly improved as their house would no longer be damp and cold, they would be dry and warm and would socialise more as the front gardens would help the social environment as it would bring neighbours closer together. Hot water and electric would drastically help their life quality as both are considered necessities. Hull Marina 1.Describe the changes to the economic environment during the late 1970's and early 1980's. During the 1970's de-industrialisation took place and the businesses in the area were closing down. The local council pumped money into the marina to improve the social environment and attract people, which would bring money into the marina area and Hull it self. 2. How did this affect the built environment? 3. How has the local partnership tackled this environment? 4. How has this area been improved? Gentrification 5.What type of residential accommodation is present? (Built environment). The residential accommodation that is present is cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bars, traditional pubs, shops and restaurants. 6.Which groups of people have moved into this area? The socio economic groups that have moved into the area are mainly people who are skilled at manual occupations and partly skilled people. Some are unskilled and a few of the people are managerial standard. The people who live here are generally middle-aged people or towards elderly. 7. How has the economy of the area been stimulated? Previously, when the fishermen were present in the area, the economy was quite low as they weren't earning a high wage and it was being spent in public houses and on essentials for the family. Now the people in the area earn a better wage and have better accommodation, which means they can spend their money on other things in the area such as the shops and restaurants. This means that the economy of the area has been stimulated by better industries and so forth, moving into the Hull Marina area.

Doctor Patient Communication Essay

This is the adopted mode of communication with the patient aiming at firstly, getting enough history or information towards diagnosing the patient presenting complaint and equally ensuring that the patient’s right to privacy, good health, and permission as the need arises, is not compromised during the process. â€Å"When communication and rapport is poor, patients are at risk of distressed and doubt doctor’s competence† (Allen, 2000). Research reports that patients often wrongly base clinical skills on communication effectiveness. Patient with this bias mind eventually shows poor cooperation with treatments. This is more reason why it is an ethical issue. The present state of the patient’s psychological state is important. A depressed patient would prefer less talk than a patient who is worried to get fast cure and some times talk out of points if unguided by an experience doctor. Due to diverse understanding from multicultural views, it is necessary to understand the biological ethnicity of each patient through a ‘biodata’ aspect of the history. From the biodata, the religious denomination is noted. The occupation, family and social histories also reveal the mental state. Doctor’s adoption of line of thought would be of help. For example, a friendly way of approach gives the patients sense of worth and avoids any feelings of inferiority complex that may hinder patient’s opening up in detail. The doctor also needs not unnecessarily friendly, this could denote carefree attitude at times. 80% of the treatment receives is dependent of how elaborate is the history taken by the doctor. An understanding of introversion and extroversion communication type equally helps. It is necessary to carry the patient along, after the knowledge about the patient’s present state, preempt the patients’ worry and briefly explain why the next question is necessary.

Ground Chocolate & Co. Marketing Plan Research Paper

Ground Chocolate & Co. Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The paper describes the main strategies of "Ground Chocolate & Co." GROUND Chocolate & Company considers diverse promotional channels that would foresee the marketing and promotional efforts outreach the maximum number of individual from the market segments. Since the company practices premium pricing, most of the people from the target market are aged between 20-40 and mainly middle class educated individuals with knowledge on the global health concerns. Both vegans and diabetics, who make a crucial market segment, can safely consume our products. Therefore, they are considered in our promotional strategy. Various quality chocolates we produce require different raw products and expertise. Due to this aspect, it is only relevant and fair to price differently in order to meet the incurred costs of production. Our profit margins are fair. Therefore, our consumers receive fair prices according to their tastes and preferences. All our products are of high quality. Prices vary from the purest grounded chocolate to the raw bars. Our fair prices are exhibited on the wraps to enable our consumers make choices appropriately and according to their preferences. In any case, the cost incurred will surely worth the taste of our quality chocolate bars. Be ready for a completely new chocolate experience with GROUND Chocolate & Company products. We have the most flexible and considerate pricing plan that is concerned with the equity needs of our target markets. Given the high quality of our products, we do not price cheaply, but affordable.

The Energy Debate Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Energy Debate - Lab Report Example The most important pro in the usage of active solar energy as a source of power is that it does not emit carbon or any pollutant when it provides us energy. The most serious con is the high cost of its installation that it can sometimes be prohibitive. Definition: passive solar energy is the energy taken from the warmth of the sun without the implements or aid of machines. Thus, passive solar energy can be said to be free and is often taken advantage in heating a home or building to save on cost. People may be unwilling to replace their old appliances with new ones for the sake of efficiency. US just came from a crisis where people are now skimping on cost and making the most of their dollars. It may be difficult to convince people to spend for a new appliance when an existing one still works. Consume more vegetables. Vegetables require less energy to produce and also reduce the CO2 in the atmosphere because they are plants (they use CO2 as food). Meat on the other hand requires so much energy and water resource to

Develop the Eden Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Develop the Eden Project - Research Paper Example It is of high importance to mention that the evolution of the telecommunication technology along with the process of evolution of high speed internet and various kinds of technology enabled gadgets has resulted in the process of playing a tremendous amount of influence in the lives of the masses around the world. It needs to be mentioned that because of the lines of emergence of high speed internet connectivity, the network of communication channels has improved in a drastic manner all over the world. The internet has played a major role in the process of creating the channels of communication in the various regions of the developed as well as the developing economies. It can be rightly said that it is of considerable importance to highlight that this technology powered development has resulted in the process of transformation of the globe, where the entire world can be represented and increasingly seen as a single and well connected global entity. Because of this technology powered transformation of the world around us, there has always been a steady evolution of various kinds of trends associated with the factor of globalization and innovation. The trends of globalization as well as innovation that are emerging from all corners of the world are increasingly getting diffused at a very rapid pace and it is happening irrespective of the fact of whether the regions are located in the developed or developing economies. The rapid diffusion of the trends of globalization and innovation is resulting in the process of evolution of various kinds of new types of consumer demands. These new consumer demands are increasingly paving the way for a significant amount of business opportunity. In this case, the focus is on Eden Project. The Eden Project is a tourist setup in the region of Cornwall in United Kingdom. The project has been developed on a very entrepreneurial as well as innovative note. The entire tourist attraction spot has been built on a former 200 ft deep clay fit and currently comprises of two giant biomes. It has been opened to the public in the year 2001 (Smale, 2006). The uniqueness of the entire project is the fact that the project is aimed to develop and enhance an understanding among the public that a successful business can be conducted by developing a sustainable approach to life as well as to the planet as whole. This assignment is focused on developing a strategic analysis using various models as well as identifying various possible courses of action which will have a compatibility with the various short and long term goals as well as operational perspectives of the tourist site. Strategic Capability analysis using Kay’s distinctive capabilities framework From the academic point of view, the strategic capability

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza Essay

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza - Essay Example It is responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in children. They are opportunistic pathogens and only become pronounced on exposure of the body to viral infections, immune dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. They stick to the cells by use of adhesions such as TAA. It causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and acute bacterial meningitis. It also causes infectious arthritis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and cellulitis. Vaccination is available against the bacteria using their conjugates. However, non-encapsulated strains do not get affected and cause otitis media (ear infection) and conjunctivitis. Causative Agent The Haemophilus influenza meningitis is caused by Haemophilus influenza type b bacteria. The bacteria are in the kingdom of bacteria; phylum is proteobacteria; the class is gamma proteobacteria; the order is pasteurellales; the family is pasteurellaceae; the genus is haemophilus and the species is Haemophilus influenza. It is a rod shaped gram-negative bacteria coccobacil lus bacterium (Evans and Brachman 14). It possesses the aerobic nature but can also grow as a facultative anaerobe. It has two serotypes; the encapsulated and the non-encapsulated strains. The encapsulated strains were classified into H. Influenza: a (Hia), b (Hib), c (Hic), d (Hid), e (Hie), and f (Hif). This classification is based on the capsular antigens present. The non-encapsulated are non-typable due to the lack of the capsular serotype. They produce inflammatory responses and remain less invasive. The inflammation of the meningeal membranes, which covers the brain, causes the symptoms of meningitis. This makes them resistant to the H. influenza vaccine that is induced to vaccinate against the bacteria. This leads to conditions like pneumonia and otitis media often seen in children, which are the complications, associated with meningitis. H. influenzae, in a Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram-negative coccobacilli H. Influenzae on an agar plate. Pathogenesis The pa thogenesis of the bacteria is not well defined. However, the main factor to its pathogenesis is the type b polysaccharide capsule. This capsule harbors the antigen responsible for the effects associated with the disease. The encapsulated bacteria can penetrate the surfaces of the epithelium and get into the blood capillaries without hindrance. The antigens present on the capsule allow for its direct penetration. The capsule enclosure makes the bacteria resist phagocytosis by the phagocytes and, thus, its infiltration into the inside. The complement cascade of the host immune system cannot act on the bacteria, thus, making it get invasive. The non-encapsulated strain is lowly invasive compared to the encapsulated. This is because they lack the capsule, hence, the lack of antigens responsible for infiltrating the bilayer. However, they can induce the inflammatory response of different cells that later cause disease. This later leads to the symptoms associated with the disease. It is a lso abundantly evident after an infection of the upper respiratory region. The infection multiplies by spreading from the respiratory tract and then to the bloodstream and later spreads to the meninges. At the meninges, the pathogen induces inflammation and the complement activation. This inflammation around the meninges causes the meningitis associated with the disease. This affects nerve impulse transmission and, thus, causes illness or later death. The bacterium also produces beta lactamases, to aid in its resistance

Research Design Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design - Research Proposal Example The statement helps the reader to understand the reality that the failure of a number of children to learn to read and write during the initial stage of their schooling has become a serious problem. Many of the children in America and the Asian countries have faced difficulty in learning various language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The journal article named Illiteracy in America: What to Do about It notices that â€Å"But the fact t hat so many Americans graduate without these basic reading and writing skills points to the breakdown of this l adder out of illiteracy and underscores the point that it may be the condition of education that is the real determinant of illiteracy.† (Illiteracy in America: What to do about it? 1989). It is evident that the social, economical, and cultural factors play a vital role in promoting literacy problem among the students. The Primary and Secondary level students from both the rural and urban areas have faced the problem of literacy in their learning process. Researchers and educational professionals often mentioned that learning or knowledge acquisition is a complex process. Sentence formation is considered as a major step in language learning. Here, the teacher shows some pictures and objects and asked the students to say what they have observed. Educational philosophers have formed a number of learning theories and techniques for students. â€Å"In the past several years, the constructive thesis has taken on a significant role in the theorizations and practices of the international education community.† (Larochelle, Bednarz & Garrison, 1998). Exponents of social constructive theory argue that; â€Å"According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments.† (Social development theory (Vygotsky), 2008). Students show

Wall street Journal opinion Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wall street Journal opinion Article - Essay Example However, latest research findings indicate different outcomes. They reveal that increasing the minimum wage does not seem to lower employment. This has challenged the typical model of the effect increase in minimum wage. An increasing set of academic papers show that increase in minimum wage does not notably decrease employment among fast-food workers and teens. For instance, following a 25 percent increase in minimum wage in San Jose, California, there was no result in the area’s fast food franchise which led to suspension of employment. According to an article in Wall Street Journal, a ballot initiative in 2012 which was started by San Jose State University students led to a 2 dollar increase in minimum wage in the city. It was expected that this would result into job losses. However, data reveals that this was not the case (Morath 1). Employment in the fast-food industry increased after higher wages were in place. By the beginning of 2014, the pace of increase in employment in San Jose region was still more than the improvement in the whole state of California. Almost half of the minimum wage employees are hired in food service (Morath 1). San Jose city accounts for approximately half the population in the metro region, which comprises of Santa Clara and Sunnyvale. The minimum wage rate is said to be $8 in those neighboring cities. These results are far from conclusive. They still appear to fit researches that established that minimum wage increases at a local area have not resulted in notable job losses in fast-food restaurants (Morath 1). Prior researches in contrast to the recent findings concluded that 10% rise in the minimum wage decreased teen employment by 1 to 3 percent. The reasons that are offered for these new controversial findings consist of problematic methodologies, poor data and the likelihood of monopoly power. Employers

The harmful value of value meals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The harmful value of value meals - Essay Example For instance, Yum! Brands Inc., has established 38,000 restaurants globally; and McDonalds has set-up a total of 33,000 chains from all over the continent. Hence, it is no surprise why fast food is already served at restaurants, drive-through, schools and universities, bus stations, airports, and even at hospitals. People’s fast food preference may be due to the fact that it is served quicker; thus, allowing them to maximize their time and become more efficient in their daily tasks. Likewise, others opt to buy fast food for their meal because it is delicious and very affordable. However, little did they know that as they consume more and more fast food each day, they are putting themselves in high danger of acquiring various fatal diseases. Obesity Obesity (i.e. a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30) is one of the detrimental effects of too much fast food consumption. According to Brindal et al., fast food contains highly dense and high level of fats and calories pe r serving high (113). Thus, over-consumption of fast food makes people more susceptible to gaining weight, which usually exceeds the normal status. According to the World Health Organization (â€Å"Obesity and Overweight†), since the year 1980, the total number of global-wide obesity has doubled; and just recently, the total number of people who are obese has reached more than 500 million. Obesity makes people’s life more difficult and hassle because people with a very heavy weight cannot move freely, which makes less mobile. As an effect, they may develop other complications like being bow-legged (especially for obese children), sleep disturbances like sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis, and poor surgical and childbirth outcomes (for mothers) Clarke (â€Å"Health Risks†). The worst is, WHO (â€Å"Obesity and Overweight†) made it clear that obesity is more deadly than being underweight. Aside from the physical danger brought by obesity to people, it may also put them in a state of emotional crisis. Obesity may lead to depression because of the hormonal imbalance that happens inside the body as more fats are consumed (Bessesen, Hill and Wyatt). Aside from that, being obese, unfortunately, increases their chances of being the subject of negative judgment, severe bullying, and social discrimination. Considering the societal norm of beauty and ideal body structure, being obese does not qualify to the established standards. Thus, obese individuals need to handle those emotional and social challenges in which only few may endure. Some may resort to suicide because for them, it is better to end their lives than to continuously experience the trauma of being rejected. Apparently, this is how far fast food eating can throw people. By merely wanting to experience the comfort fast food offers, they need to carry the physical and emotional burden it brings. However, this is just one of the reasons why it is practical to abolish the practice of eati ng fast food. Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is another health problem that may arise as a result of fast food eating. Fast foods such as soft drinks or soda, French fries, shakes, sandwiches, burger, pizza pies, etc. are rich in carbohydrates (Clarke â€Å"Why is Fast Food†). Too much carbohydrate intake increases the level of the blood component triglyceride, which results to either, failure of the pancreas to produce enough amount of insulin or body system’s improper insulin use (Clarke â€Å"Why is Fast Food†). This scenario exposes individuals to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, for sugar in their body will build up in the bloodstream instead of being utilized for energy. For instance, in the

A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates Essay Nursing is complex, and within the profession there are many spectrums of career possibilities. Nursing is based on a foundation of caring and what draws many to the profession is a commitment of service. The knowledge and education sought to prepare nurses however differs between the two â€Å"entry† level paths of associate degreed nurses and baccalaureate degree nurses and thus forms a difference in the way they perform their professional practice. Associate Degreed Nurses Associate degree nursing programs were developed in the early 1950’s as a response to postwar shortages (Creasia, Friberg. 2011) they were intended to be two years in duration and designed to prepare the graduate for bedside care in the secondary setting. These program quickly became successful and programs spread across the United States at a record pace. The associate degree program were found to be clinically sound and offered heavily hands on approach, they traditionally graduate nurses that are task oriented and perform well. Associate graduates are tested via the NCLEX after program completion to obtain licensure. The associate degreed path remains the major point of entry into the profession today. The educational prerequisite of the associate degree nursing program are not as robust in sciences often eliminating the need for organic chemistry and advanced mathematics. The associate degree nursing path also is remedial as compared to the BSN in the liberal arts, often leaving the graduate with subpar communication skills when compared to the BSN counterpart. Baccalaureate Degreed Nurses Baccalaureate degree programs are traditionally structured as four year programs with the nursing clinical focus at the latter two years. Programs differ from Associate programs in that there are courses required which  focus on the professional development of the student, and thus the growth of the profession. Baccalaureate programs prepare the graduate for scopes beyond bedside care. Leadership and research roles favor the bachelors prepared graduate. The advanced professional focus allows the graduate to view the practice beyond the task orientation of the associate degreed nurse. A comparison study (Ginger, N. Davidhizar, R., 1990) found that baccalaureate nurses were more concerned with research methodology, teaching of the individual and the group, and community assessments. The study concluded that the baccalaureate nurse was more process driven than the task oriented associate degreed nurses. Healthcare today is composed of a multiple disciplinary team of practitioners with varied levels of education, preparing nurses at the minimum of the baccalaureate level has been a push of many professional organizations. Recent research (Aiken, 2008) has confirmed a strong link in the educational level of nurses and improvement in patient mortality. The study found when the institution increased the percentage of baccalaureate prepared nurses by 10% that the corresponding mortality decreased by 4%. Practical Comparison One of the situational comparisons that I feel would demonstrate the practice focus differences of the two educational preparations is in dealing with imminent death and dying. Throughout the career of any healthcare provider we will be faced with this challenge, and while there are many task associated with the algorithm of advanced life support or complexity of the hospice patient, there are multiple psych social aspects to consider. The baccalaureate nurses educational preparation allows her to focus on the causes of the underlying pathophysiology, understand the chemistry of the multiple medications involved and problem solve for alternative treatments is initially unsuccessful. The baccalaureate nurse is able to communicate effectively with the healthcare team and reassuringly guide the family thru this difficult process. In my years of practice I feel that clinical experience and confidence can elevate the associate degreed nurse to a comparable level in this situation as well but I have seen that the baccalaureate graduate achieves this standard well before the counterpart. Patient presentation has become more complex and the array of treatments available seems almost endless. Our patients and their families deserve the  best outcomes from the best prepared team.

Key pieces of legislations promotion Essay Example for Free

Key pieces of legislations promotion Essay Places a duty for schools to produce a Disability Equality Scheme (DES) and an Access Plan. Schools must encourage participation in all aspects of school life and eliminate harassment and unlawful discrimination Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 Ensure to develop the good relationship between organizations and people. Human Rights Act 1998 Set out the rights of the individuals and guide them how to take action against the authorities if these rights are effected Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Makes it unlawful for educational providers to discriminate against pupils with a special educational need or a disability Children Act 1989 Sets out the duty of local authorities (including schools) to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and welfare Education Act 1996 Sets out the school’s responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. The Act also requires schools to provide additional resources, equipment and / or additional support to meet their needs Children Act 2004 Sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the Every Child Matters outcomes Equality Act 2010 Sets out the legal responsibilities of public bodies, including schools, to provide equality of opportunity for all citizens. This brings together nine equality laws Table B: Code of Practice about promotion of equality and valuing of diversity Code of Practice Purposes The special educational needs code of practice 2001 This code outlines the statutory guidance for policy and the procedures and responsibilities

Influences of Japanese Culture and Cuisine

Influences of Japanese Culture and Cuisine Globalization can be described as an ongoing process where resources, believes, ideas and technology from different cultures are integrated to each other and promote new ways of thinking and practices among the society. As a continuing progression, globalization aroused from the influences of other cultures, which has been adapted with the local cultural conditions and modified to fit in the context of social behaviour. The external influences will directly override some local particularities, and the culture itself will be altered, or maybe damaged, or even enhanced, according to the perspective of society life. Therefore, the expression of culture itself will be interpreted and analysed in different way which encouraged the people to think, act, and learn the new disciplines in every aspect of life. These processes, hence, have an outcome of a cultural diversity, in which introducing the local values in global culture. In other words, it offered a global and local linkage of social changes that happened in the nation. Looking through the contemporary social life, globalization has become a major issue all over the world. Many countries have developed new approaches in most of the living aspects, and transformed peoples lifestyle in order to follow the major flow that happened globally. In todays modern days, globalization can act as a tool to open the opportunities of influence by other countries, and expand the cross-cultural interaction that may build up the cohesion among the nation. Globalization, however, implies to westernization in present days. The nature of western countries seems to appear as a science based tradition and the world is highly developed towards that tradition, as a sense of control. These global forces appear to superficially standardized and homogenized cultures, and equivalent to westernization. Majority of cultures are converging to the western standards, local identities have been replaced with global culture, and western values have become significant trends in this modern world. Looking at Singapore, a cosmopolitan city, where variety of cultures merges together, is one of a good example of a country that embraces globalization. Besides accepting the westernization, Singapore has been spanning borders through other cultures, such as Malay, Chinese, Indian, and Caucasian. These four interwoven cultures has created a genuine blending of traditions, believes, and ideas. A fusion of cultures in which Singapore brought in, has created a multi-disciplinary notions and practices, rooted in many cultural traditions. This synthesis has altered and transforms the peoples way of life according to the local context. On the other hand, not only western value that the world, including Singapore, has been developing on, but also majority of the countries have welcoming influences from Asian culture. Japan has brought a significant shift in the worlds globalization. Beside westernization, it has been become a popular culture among the world. Japanese culture has generated a different approach in global trends. Its tradition does not rest on science based technology and for them technology is a choice, not a necessity. Japan has greatly developed their long standing traditions towards something that instinctive rather than rationalistic way of thinking, like what the western do. Japan has its own original characteristic, which has a capacity to adapt and integrate new forms and function. Hence, there is no doubt that Japanese influence has an impact on the worlds culture, such as, in space, design, architecture, style, and even food culture. There is no large city in the world in which a Japanese restaurant cannot be found. Far from being a passing fad, Japanese cuisine is an establishment item in restaurants all over the world. The popularity of Japanese food is in part due to its reputation as a healthy alternative and also the curiosity and willingness to constantly introducing new tastes in their daily meals. Japanese way of dining, since the olden days, has put emphasized on food arrangement as a piece of art. For the Japanese, food must be enjoyed visually and pleasing to the eyes. They have developed the aesthetic sense to design exquisite harmony between colours, texture and shape throughout the food arrangement. This visual pleasure is an essential prelude and accompaniment to the savoury pleasure that follow. The influence of Japanese cuisine has been successfully creating a new atmosphere in Singapore food culture. It is proven that Singapore people accepted the taste and ambience of Japanese food by looking to the increasing number of sushi chain restaurant, such as Sushi Tei, Sakae Sushi; numerous traditional and contemporary Japanese restaurant, and also Japanese themed food court such as Ishimura and Manpuku. The diversity of food which has been influenced by Japanese cuisine, has become an inspiration for the designers to introduce innovative and exciting solutions to design dining spaces, through the essential aspect of Japanese dining and design in new ways that suit todays restaurant-goers. Recognizing the context of social behaviour in Singapore, innovation is the key elements for Singaporean. In terms of food culture, people like an excitement and it is a challenge for them to try something fresh and different, both in food and also ambience of dining space. Experience is another strong point, another extra ordinary atmosphere can attract people to get in and try a new restaurant. Besides the tendency to look for new things, the image of Singapore as a fast paced country gave an impact to the society. The time-oriented and multi-tasking people have built a busy working environment and hectic lifestyle in this metropolis city. Consequently, they are likely dont have time to have the luxury of enjoying social fellowship during the weekdays. This could be why it seems that forms of entertainment in Singapore tend to be designed to fit peoples activity on weekends. The big leisure activity that Singapore offers is shopping. There are numerous numbers of malls and shopping centres have been build or even renovated to drag people in the shopping as an attraction. Other than shopping; casinos, theme parks, nature reserves, are the other forms of leisure that Singapore provided. Despite the fact that all those type of facilities can serve as a very relaxing and stress relieving activity, people need to spend their time on weekend to do these activities. By aware of the complexity of the contemporary condition,

Maedchen In Uniform :: essays research papers

MAEDCHEN IN UNIFORM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maedchen in Uniform ( Sagan, 1932, 80’) is a film that was specifically design to represent a group of women living in a patriarchal society and the conflicts they encounter by simply being their naturally, nurturing selves. One major conflict involves the deep relationship that develops between a female teacher and her female student in an all girl boarding school that is operated like a strict military camp. It is heavily suggested that this relationship is a romantic one, but there are no solid evidence that it is. I believe that Sagan had design the film this way so that the idea of lesbianism would not be so aggressive towards the audience that they will not be willing to sit through the entire film. Should the teacher have been a man and the student remains a female, I believe that this film would not have had the same effect it did on the viewers as it did the way it was presented. The gender between the two people should not have made a difference because, in general, it is wrong to have a romantic relationship between a teacher and a student who is still under the teacher’s guidance. Given this conflict alone, I believe that the Sagan wanted to take it to the next level and show that with the suggestion of lesbianism, these women are like any other women who are also caring and nurturing. I believe she was trying to introduce a new idea of lesbianism where the women are not heavily masculine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, there is the setting of a strict military like boarding school where the students, all females, are craving the love and affection that they are missing from their family. One particular student, Manuela von Meinhardis, had just recently joined the school after the recent death of her mother. She is particularly vulnerable to the love and care that is provided by the only caring teacher in the school, Fraulein von Bernburg. Fraulein von Bernburg is a very beautiful young teacher who is constantly at odds with her elders because she does see the need to punish her group of girls. She believes that the students need to be shown compassion and care; not just as a teacher but as a friend. It is between these two women that a heavily suggested romantic relationship developed. The reason why I say â€Å"heavily suggested† is because I still believe that Fraulein von Bergen was only trying to be sympathetic with the new girl, Manuela, because her mother had just died.

Business Ethics Essay -- Papers

Business Ethics Business ethics is a diverse field that cannot be defined with a single definition. This area addresses numerous issues, problems, and dilemmas within the management of businesses. Does this through numerous perspectives and methods. Of course, in order to present the complexities of business ethics, we must explore the types of issues that business professionals are continuously confronted with. To understand one must know the definition of corporate ethics as well as knowing what the ethics of responsibility are. After defining what ethics are, we then need to see how these are played out within management. This will show the decline and fall of business ethics over time and how whistle blowing has played its part. Business ethics not only portray humans, but also how businesses treat the environment. The majority of European and U.S. CEO's and higher ranking managers define corporate ethics as a subject that is to be dealt with at three levels; (1) the corporate mission, (2) constituency relations, and (3) policies and practices. The corporate mission is the most easily recognized and widely applicable category. Executives say that the enterprise in which they are engaged in, and the products or services that they market, should serve an essentially ethical purpose and that a companies first ethical responsibilities are defined by the nature of their objectives (Madsen and Shafritz, 1990). Managers also speak of constituency relations when formulating their company's ethical standards. This usually requires the creation of statements of corporate responsibilities for each individual company. Most of the codes describe the company's commitment toward certain groups rather than... ...from all. Business ethics are complicated, multi-issue problems that are ever changing in our fast-paced world. It is a very complex issue entailing many things from corporate ethics to the ethics of responsibility. Whistle blowing is one result of declining corporate ethics and the decline of ethics has declining corporate ethics and the decline of ethics has led to negative impact on the environment. These complex issues must be addressed or an ever increasing basis in the future. REFERENCES Madsen, Peter. Shafritz, Jay, M. (1990). Essentials of Business Ethics. New York, NY: Author. The Wall Street Journal. (1989). Dow Jones and Company Inc. Magnet, Myron. (1988). The Decline and Fall of Business Ethics. Fortune: Time Inc. Benson, G. C. S. (1982). Business Ethics in America. Lexington MA: D.C. Heath and Company.

Poetic Wordplay Essay -- Poetry Analysis

One of the recurring themes within Manyoshu, a collection of over 4,000 poems (Keene 1955, 33) written by a variety of authors—some of whom were emperors and their paramours—is love and the coping with the loss of one’s love. The very nature of the Manyoshu lends itself to this subject matter, particularly since many of the poetic works contained within are tankas that are highly symbolic and suggestive of association. As such, many of the poets found within this work utilized various literary devices to express their notions of love and its absence, some of the most important of which include diverse aspects of diction, anaphora, alliteration, and other forms of sentence structure. There is a definite proclivity of the structure of a poem influencing and coloring its content, particularly due to the utilitarian aspects of much of the literature that comprises Manyoshu. Many of these poems were also regarded as songs that would be stated or sung aloud during impo rtant rituals to utilize a spiritual aspect of the words and the sentiments they conveyed. Therefore, when discussing the topic of love and its loss within this compendium, it is important to understand that specific choices of words are highly influential in conveying the desires and feelings of both the poets and their poems. Numerous examples abound in which one can see how the diction of a poem helps to impart a particular meaning, especially when the thematic issue of that poem has to do with love. Oftentimes, much of the poetry within Manyoshu—which is the oldest known work of poetry written in Japanese (Morrow 2004)—treats of unrequited feelings of passion between individuals, such as the verses composed by Empress Iwa no Hime, who was romantically involved with Em... ...h is why so many of the poems in this volume deal with the haunting memory of a past relationship that a poet is clinging to through his or her writing. Works Cited Keene, Donald. Anthology of Japanese Literature, From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. New York: Grove Press. 1955 Print. Keene, Donald. Sources of Japanese Tradition: Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600. New York: Columbia University Press. Print. 2002. Morrow, Avery. â€Å"The Undecipherable Poem, No. 9 of the Manyoshu†. 2004. Web. http://avery.morrow.name/studies/manyoshu Nakamura, Dr. Hisashi. â€Å"Ten Thousand Leaves†. Tanka Society. 2009. Web. http://www.tankasociety.com/Tanka%20booklet%20Final%202.pdf Reiser, Gary. â€Å"FormForAll—Manyoshu Poetry†. Dversepoets.com 2011. Web. http://dversepoets.com/2011/11/03/formforall-manyoshu-poetry-hosted-today-by-jane-kohut-bartels-lady-nyo/

My Journey: Being A Person For Others

How I Became A Person For Others A synthesis paper In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the FOP subject Submitted to: Ms. Irish E. Bobtail Submitted by: Mr.. Glenn Ian E. Patella Date Submitted: October 7, 2014 Ad Majored Die Gloria, Magic, and Persons for Others – these are the common phrases expressed and uttered along the halls of Xavier University – Atone De Canaan. I am touched by the meaning of these values and practices since I am sort of new to this kind of environment.Now I know why this Institution Is prestigious and s being looked up by other people – it's because of the values they teach coupled with the quality education they offer. Going to Xavier University is an experience I will never ever forget; It's not about the name that the school carries; It's not about how seemingly glamorous you are when you walk down the streets wearing the school uniform; it's not about being classy and smart all at the same time, it's because here, they focus more on shaping you on to becoming the best of you, in service for others, the country and for God. In this school, I became a person for others.The first four months Vie spent here In Xavier are four months filled with vibrant colors and unforgettable shades. With its cheerful and Christ-centered aura, I knew that I was called here for a cause. The moment I stepped into the school with only a few steps away from becoming an official student, gleeful faces surrounded the university and seemingly elder students are trying their very best to make us feel at home. Successfully, I felt at home, it's as if I've been to this place before. Despite the air being sizzling and all, lye managed to enjoy my stay and tried my best to be as listen as I could.One things for sure that in college: it's definitely not the same with high school and you should practice being Independent and work harder. I found out that no matter how hardworking you are and excelled somehow In high school; some of it might change in college if you've changed in a slightly different way. If I could 1 OFF what I have now; I should've scanned for more rather than being contented by what is offered inside the walls from different classrooms; I should've spent a lot more time studying rather than focusing on some other activities, I should've practiced magic long the way.I don't want to sound as if my life is full of regrets, but, I also don't want to repeat some of the things Vie encountered this semester, literally. I believe that everything happens for a reason and God has plans, that God has a specific reason why things happen. With me on my weakest point was God – he was there and helped me through my obstacle. I told him that I would rise back and give my foremost power to be a good son for him. Despite the heavy load Vie carried along the pathway, I can say that being in here t the same time makes the load go away.Here, students are taught to be concerned for the environment and as well as the community. Sincerely, I was Just thrilled and excited at the thought that I would become a person for others; someone who's willing to sacrifice and give others a hand. Who wouldn't want that? So, I grabbed the chance. Also, thanks to the OFF 10 subject, I developed my prayer life. Being able to attend the prayer session workshop was an event I will carry across my heart for the rest of my life. It was Just life-changing! Indeed, everything happens for a reason.Going to Manners and experiencing the calming and peaceful atmosphere was fantastic. There, I met new friends and strengthen my connection with God. Furthermore, visiting the magnificent divine mercy along with my block mates was another remarkable event during this semester. It was my first time to visit the beautiful place and it was special, for me, that I'm with them. Being able to pray together and Just being peaceful with each other plus the silent and tranquil ambiance, the event turned out to be as splendid as I imagined.With all the activities that packed us into a strong and compelling group, the formation groups that shaped me into who I am today, the bonding I had with other people, I found myself sharing pieces of my life to each and every one of them. I am also glad that Vie picked bits of life lessons from people Vie met along the course. We are all men and women for each other. The semester can't be complete without this significant and fun-filled activity that we had in Consolation Elementary School.Smiles and laughter of children roared round the campus of their school when all of the students under OFF arrived at their destination. It was nice seeing young Filipinos that are lively, enthusiastic and carries potentials on becoming great people someday. Witnessing them enjoy the activities we've prepared makes me want to relive my younger years. I can now feel the sentiment of an adult. We planned on including the national anthem during the opening part of our little program wit h the kids, but, they proceeded in reciting the patriotic vows of our country!We were quite stunned, but hey, they got the Filipino parity in them. Of course, we tried our very best to entertain them and stand in front of them as role models. There, I realized how crucial everything can be when handling children. You must always set a very good example for them to follow, if we want to see a bright and harmonious tomorrow ahead of us. We served them food and drinks to complete this one of a kind experience. It was clear through their eyes that they had fun as much as we did and it totally feels good to make them happy. Happiness despite being buried by heavy load.In little ways, I served my fellow Monterrey by bringing Joy to their young and youthful hearts. Being helpful and concerned for the welfare of others is something that bursts out from within you. It can't be Just taught inside the classroom and the ideas are left, trapped within the four walls. You shape your own life with the guide of God through his own creations. You become a person for others if you believe that you already are and you should act what you perceive. As I close one chapter of my story here in Xavier University, I hope that the following chapters will be as bright as the sun.The heaper did mold me into becoming the product of what the school had envisioned its students to become: men and women for others. I became closer to God and I should serve him as my father and ultimate creator; I contributed small things to other people's lives and became a part of theirs as much as they are also a part of mine; I indulged myself into setting a good example for my young fellow countrymen to follow. In the process, my life was filled with ups and downs – a sign that I am alive and I will continue to do what Vie started. And that is how I became a person for others.

The Categories of Value

It’s easy to assign Importance factors or risk categories to inanimate objects such as buildings, bridges, airplanes, dams, cars, and buses. It is agreeable to say that the structural integrity of a hospital is more important than that of a single family residence; especially, in the case of an emergency. When assigning importance or value to individual lives, we are confronted by an overwhelming social dilemma: How does society assign value to someone’s life?The essence of life or simply living and given the opportunity to become a contributing member of society is priceless and has an unsurmountable monetary value; however, within the constraints of the society we live in, we are forced to assign a monetary value to an individual life. If we strip away what makes us human – our souls— we can assign value and categorize human life by the sum of their contributions to society and the impact their absence would make. Those that commit horrible crimes and co ntribute negatively to society belong to the first category.Those who contribute very little or haven’t had the chance to contribute to society belong to the second category. Those contributors whose sudden absences affect a small amount of people belong to the third category. Those whose sudden absence affects many people belong to the fourth. Finally, those whose sudden absence can affect an entire society for generations to come belong to the fifth category. Murderers and individuals who wish harm on innocent people belong in the first category. They are in the first category due to their lack of contribution and harm to our society.Truly without them there would be less damage and fear in today’s world. You can easily distinguish the difference between the first and second category in the perspective of comparing them to someone in the second category, such as children and individuals whose lives were cut short, and sadly unable to even begin to contribute to socie ty; the ones in the first category are the ones who usually end up in prisons for violent crimes or serious violations, while the ones in the second category generally contains young people who haven’t had a chance to make a difference in society.Individuals in the third category would be the ones whose deaths would affect a small amount of people such as a blue collar worker who supports their family with their salary. The sudden loss of this person would be saddening but only the immediate family will typically need monetary compensation to cover any expenses left behind. In comparison, the ones in the fourth category whose deaths would affect a much larger amount of people such as, owners of important businesses whose death may result in the layoff of many employees.The individuals in the fifth category are the ones who have a huge contribution to our society, such as individuals who find cures to devastating diseases, physicist on the verge of making a great breakthrough, world leaders, and important policy makers. Without them our society let alone the whole world, would not be the same, they are the ones who make a difference in people’s lives. In the article, â€Å"What Is the Value of a Human Life? † by Kenneth Feinberg, he explores the moral problem with assigning different values to different members of society.The author finds it troubling that the compensation for someone’s death be related to that person’s financial situation. For example, someone in the fourth category mentioned above will most likely be a wealthy business owner while the person in the third category may be a modest middle class individual and would receive compensation accordingly. At the end of the article he states that in the future, he will provide equal compensation regardless of the person’s financial circumstances or status in society.I believe that monetary compensation should only cover funeral expenses and enough income to allo w their immediate families time to adjust to the loss and become self-sustaining. It is okay for a society that is based on capitalism to compensate and assign a monetary value to individuals. It is our souls and humanity that will always be in conflict with manmade laws and forged societies. That is why this debate will never end. The day that currency becomes obsolete will be the day that society will truly discover that the only thing worth valuing is life itself, not money.

Literature review compilations Essay

1. Rao, V. (1993). The rising price of husbands: A hedonic analysis of dowry increases in rural India. Journal of Political Economy, 666-677. Motivation and objective : Attempts to investigate the reasons behind the increase in dowry . Methods : It adapts Rosen’s implicit market model to the Indian marriage market and tests predictions from the model with data from six villages in South Central India and from the Indian census Theories : Using utility function, U is assumed to be maximized, given that U is the utility function which represent the household preferences. The function will be U = U(X,W,H). Where X refers to consumption of goods, W refers to the desirable traits of the bride and her family and H is traits of the groom. Main Findings : It is found that a â€Å"marriage squeeze† caused by population growth, resulting in larger younger cohorts and hence a surplus of women in the marriage market, has played a significant role in the rise in dowries. ( Surplus o f women over man at marriageable ages) 2. Skogrand, L. M., Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., & Lee, T. R. (2005). The effects of debt on newlyweds and implications for education. Journal of extension, 43(3), 1. Motivation and objective : Examines the relationship between newlywed debt, selected demographic variables, and newlywed levels of marital satisfaction and adjustment.. Methods: A 38-item survey was mailed to a random sample of 2,823 newlywed couples in a western state. The couples’ names were randomly chosen from the marriage licenses that were filed within the state during a six-month period. Husbands and wives were asked to complete their surveys separately.The response rate was 40%, with 1,010 couples responding. Theories and tools : Marital satisfaction was measured using the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) (Schumm et al., 1986), and marital adjustment was measured using the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) (Busby, Crane, Christensen, & Larson, 1995). The KMSS and RDAS are established measures for assessing marital satisfaction and adjustment, both having correlation coefficients above .78. Main Findings: The findings from this study indicate that entering marriage with consumer debt has a negative impact on newlywed levels of marital quality. The large majority (70%) of newlyweds in this study brought debt into their marriage relationship. This amount of debt, along with other expenses associated with couples beginning their lives together, are likely to  distract couples from the developmental task of building a strong marriage relationship during the first few months and years of marriage Policy recommendation: .- Because many individuals marry with no more than a high sc hool education, educating individuals about debt and its potentially negative impact on marriage relationships should begin in high school. This may be one way to help couples achieve healthier marriages 3. S. Dalmia (2004). A hedonic analysis of marriage transactions in India: estimating determinants of dowries and demandfor groom characteristics in marriage. Research in Economics 58 (2004) 235–255. Motivation and objective : This paper uses data from a retrospective sample survey to develop and test a framework capable of explaining dowry exchange and groom selection in India. Methods: Using a sample of 1037 households between 1956 and 1994, this paper develops and tests a framework capable of explaining marriage transactions and groom selection in India. Theories and tools : It adapts Rosen’s (1974) implicit market model and takes the view that dowry is a simple economic transaction that functions to ‘equalize’ the value of marriage services exchanged by the households of the bride and groom. Main Findings: Consistent with ethnographic evidence, results indicate that dowries are higher in regions more to the north. Most importantly, contrary to popular belief, it is found that holding groom characteristics constant, real dowries have decreased over time. Finally, in estimating the parameters of the demand functions for a set of groom attributes, results show that the most important determinants of demand for various groom attributes are price of the attribute, bride’s traits, and the socio-economic status of the bride’s h ousehold 4. Siwan Anderson (2007). The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 21, Number 4—Fall 2007—Pages 151–174 Motivation and objective: This paper first establishes some basic facts about the prevalence and magnitude of marriage payments. It then discusses how such patterns vary across countries depending upon economic conditions, societal structures, institutions, and family characteristics. Theories and tools: The descriptions of marriage payments in this paper are synthesizedfrom a patchwork of studies across periods, places, and even epochs, and there are doubtless numerous cases which remain undocumented.  Discussion: Economists’ interest in marriage payments partly stems from their potential to affect the wealth distribution across generations and families. However, economic analysis has not directly investigated these welfare impacts of marriage payments. In this respect, marriage transfers which are destined for the couple, either in the form of dowry or dower, may function differently from those which are paid directly from one set of parents to the other, like bride price or groom price. The former payment is an intergenerational transfer. The latter forms a circulating fund, with receipt for marriages of one gender being used to pay for marriages of children of the other. 5. Sarwat Afzal & Imtiaz Subhani (2009). To Estimate An Equation Explaining The Determinants Of Dowry. Iqra University Motivation and objective : The focus of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Methods: The data of 140 respondents is used to examine the variables to determine the dowry size, data set on bride-groom characteristics and dowry. The study has been focused on analysis that dowry paid is dependent on which variables Subject in the rural subcontinent. Since the objective of study is to estimate the equation explaining the determinant of dowry so all the variables given in the data are takes as independent and the dowry paid is taken as dependent variable. Theories and tools: This paper determine the determinants of dowry, using multiple regression analysis, the author used the ANOVA table, R2 value to tabulate the determinants of dowry price. Main Findings: This research suggested that dowry paid is based on the status and the affluence of husband’s family as well as the education of the husband’s father that are the important determina nts of the incidence of dowries. The influence of husband’s father education is accounted as a predictor for the system of dowry paid 6. Edlund, L. (2006). The price of marriage: Net vs. gross flows and the South Asian dowry debate. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2†3), 542-551. Motivation and objective : The rise in dowry payments in India has been taken as evidence that women increasingly are at a disadvantage on the marriage  market and must pay for marriage. Moreover, high dowries, it is argued, add to the plight of parents of daughters and have thus contributed to the scarcity of women (brides). However, the logic is curious, and, this paper argues, flawed. The term â€Å"dowry† can mean different things, and it may be useful to distinguish between the assets the bride brings at the time of marriage (gross dowry) and those netted against the groom payments (net dowry). The former is what is generally meant by dowry, while the latter is a concept used mainly by economists Methods: Data are from a retrospective survey of marriages conducted in 1983 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). These data have been used in a number of studies of South Asian dowry inflation. ICRISAT conducted a stratified random sample of 40 households each from six villages in South-central India. The first household married in 1923 and the last in 1978. Main Findings: Empirically, the paper has shown that in a much-used data set on dowry inflation, net dowries did not increase in the period after 1950, belying claims of â€Å"recent† increases. Moreover, variables designed to capture marriage-squeeze or male relative to female heterogeneity failed to move dowries in the expected direction. 7. Balwick, J. (1975). The function of the dowry system in a rapidly modernizing society: The case of Cyprus. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 158-167. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to examine the functional relationship between the dowry system and modernization for the country of Cyprus. Two inferences tried to be drawn in this paper are attempt to develop is two 1) the dowry system has served a latent function in encouraging a rapid rate of urban, Industrial, and technological development in Cyprus; and (2) that the rapid rate of technological development in Cyprus, along with new concepts of marital arrangement, are weakening the importance of the dowry system Methods: The analysis of this paper’s topic will begin by considering the function of the dowry system in Traditional Greek Cypriot society, move to a consideration of the function of the dowry system during rapid modernization, turn to a consideration of the effect of modernization upon the dowry system, and conclude by  speculating as to the possible effect which a decline in the dowry system will have upon marriage. Main Findings: modernization is a threat to the continued existence of the dowry system. The argument was made that, besides the major aspects of modernization themselves, the concept of romantic love, as a byproduct of a largely western stimulated modernization process, has been damaging to the dowry system. However, to so speculate about the future effects of modernization in Cyprus only points to the necessity for social scientists to utilize the situations created in developing countries to further examine the relationships between modernization and social structures. 8. Gaulin, S. J., & Boster, J. S. (1990). Dowry as female competition. American Anthropologist, 92(4), 994-1005. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to prove that dowry as a reproductive tactic used by prospective brides and their kin to attract the wealthiest bridegroom. The authors attempt to explain not only the rarity of dowry, but also why it occurs in the societies it does. Methods and theories: The analysis of this paper’s topic will begin by considering the female-competition model. The female-competition model assumes that, in Homo sapiens as in other animals, the behaviors associated with pair formation can be interpreted as (possibly unconscious) reproductive tactics. The authors interpret the bias in marriage transactions as reflecting a bias in competition for marriage partners. Dowry is their dependent variable; the independent variables in the female-competition model are social stratification and marital form. They grouped the existing categories to create dichotomous variable. Main Findings: The female-competition model is correct; the authors would e xpect the largest dowry payments to flow from the middle class to the elite, as women in the middle tier compete for husbands in the highest 9. Rao, V. (1993). Dowry ‘inflation’ in rural India: A statistical investigation. Population Studies, 47(2), 283-293. Motivation and objective : The author of this paper look more directly at the causes of the increase of dowry (investigate the reasons behind the rise in the real value of dowries in rural India)and use unique data collected from a small sample of households by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Methods and theories: The data used in this paper are from a random sample of 40 households, 30 cultivating and 10 laboring, per village, from six villages in three districts of rural South-Central India. The surveys were conducted by ICRISAT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.15 The districts are Akola and Sholapur in Maharashtra state, and Mahbubnagar in Andhra Prades. A quadratic specification of dowry determinants is estimated. Correlations values between variables, OLS , and other statistical tools are being used. Main Findings: The empirical results support the hypothesis that the marriage squeeze has played a significant part in causing dowry ‘inflation’. The size of the dowry transfer also seems to be affected by hyper gamy, indicated by the difference in the amount of land owned by the parents of the respective spouses before the marriage. Due to the small size of the sample and the respondents’ lack of accuracy in reporting their ages at marriage, not much can be said about the impact of age or other potential determinants on the transfer. At the district level, however, the marriage squeeze does seem to matter in reducing differences in the ages at marriage of men and woman. 10. Teays, W. (1991). The burning bride: The dowry problem in India. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29-52. Motivation and objective : The author consider the issue of dowry, its roots in custom and religious tradition, as well the ways in which the dowry system has become a dowry problem with daily dowry deaths, usually of young and often pregnant women. Main Findings: Females being devalued in the Hindu world. The internalization of that devaluation is evidenced by the numbers of mothers-in-law and sisters-in-law who actively participate in dowry murder. Marriage has become a commercial transaction complete with bargaining. Traditionally dowries were limited by convention and caste-social realities, but now the demands are out of control. â€Å"The growing trend of dowry murders only reflects the socio-economic crisis in India. 11. Zhang, J., & Chan, W. (1999). Dowry and Wife’s Welfare: A Theotrical and Empirical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 786-808. Motivation and objective : This paper offers an alternative analysis. Where dowry are claimed to be not only increases the wealth of the new conjugal household but also enhances the bargaining power of the bride in the allocation of output within that household, thereby safeguarding her welfare. 2 hypotheses: Dowry increases the resources available to the bride’s new family; Dowry increases the bride bargaining position in the family, as well as her welfare. Methods and theories: This study uses data from the 1989 Taiwan Women and Family Survey,an island wide probability survey of women aged 25–60 years of all marital statuses and from different geographical locations. The female respondents provide socioeconomic information on their parents, their husbands, and themselves. An important feature of the data is that these women report transfers on dowries and bride prices related to their marriages. All these variables are then measured using statistical tools. Main Findings: The result supported the theoretical prediction that a dowry improves the wife’s welfare through both income and bargaining effects. The result also shows that a dowry is indeed a property under the wife’s control. Bride-price reduces the transaction cost involved in recovering the appropriate shares of marital output by each party, a dowry enhances the bride’s position in the household and safeguards her welfare. 12. Bishai, D., Falb, K. L., Pariyo, G., & Hindin, M. J. (2009). Bride price and sexual risk taking in Uganda. African journal of reproductive health, 13(1). Motivation and objective : This study assessed the relationship of bride price to sexual risk taking based on a large, population based survey. Methods and theories: Data were collected on bride prices for 592 married women in 12 districts in Uganda in 2001. Controlling for covariates, we found that having had a bride price significantly lowered the wife’s odds of sexual intercourse with a partner other than the spouse (OR= 0.222; 95% CI= 0.067, 0.737). Controlling for covariates, bride price increased the husband’s odds of non-spousal sexual intercourse (OR=1.489; 95% CI= 0.746, 2.972). Main Findings: Bride price payment is statistically significantly associated with lower rates of non-spousal sexual contact in women, but is  not, statistically significantly associated with higher rates in men 13. Dalmia, S., & Lawrence, P. G. (2005). The institution of dowry in India: Why it continues to prevail. The Journal of Developing Areas, 38(2), 71-93. Motivation and objective : This article empirically examines dowries in India and provides an institutional and economic rationale for the existence and continued prevalence of the system. Main Findings: Using data on marriage transactions and on the personal and family traits of marital partners the article demonstrates that payments of dowry serve to equalize the measurable differences in individual characteristics of the bride’s and groom’s and their respective households. Thus, dowry qualifies as the â€Å"price† paid for a â€Å"good match† in the marriage market. Results also reveal that the form of inheritance system, the residence of the bride after marriage, and the gender ratio of marriageable women to men have no effect on the incidence and size of dowry 14. Diamond†Smith, N., Luke, N., & McGarvey, S. (2008). ‘Too many girls, too much dowry’: son preference and daughter aversion in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Culture, health & sexuality, 10(7), 697-708. Motivation and objective : The southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility, accompanied by a trend of increased son preference. This paper reports on findings from qualitative interviews with women in rural villages about their fertility decision-making which is due to the dowry rate. Main Findings: Findings suggest that daughter aversion, fuelled primarily by the perceived economic burden of daughters due to the proliferation of dowry, is playing a larger role in fertility decision-making than son preference. 15. Rozario, S. (2002). Grameen Bank-style microcredit: Impact on dowry and women’s solidarity. Development Bulletin, 57, 67-70. Motivation and objective : This article focuses on two specific problems connected with Grameen Bank-style microcredit in Bangladesh: its negative impact on women’s solidarity, and its consequences for the practice of dowry payments. Main Findings: Findings suggest that Unmarried women are not  accepted in the microcredit samities and so cannot receive loans. The argument is that they will get married and go away to their husbands’ village, then who will repay their loan? This denies any opportunity to marginal groups, like unmarried women and, of course, widows and abandoned women. Such policies also mean that unmarried women are made completely dependent financially on the mercy of their families. 16. Kazi Abdur Rouf, (2012) â€Å"A feminist interpretation of Grameen Bank Sixteen Decisions campaign†, Humanomics, Vol. 28 Iss: 4, pp.285 – 296. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to look at Grameen Bank (GB) Sixteen Decisions campaigns and its implications to feminism; and to examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are empowered to participate in familial decision-making around dowry and teenage marriage and to develop their public spaces in the community. Moreover, the paper critically looks at the GB women borrowers’ development through the Sixteen Decisions Design/methodology/approach – The study uses multiple research methods. It reviews and analyzes GB Sixteen Decision texts and feminist literature, uses survey method to collect data from Grameen Bank micro borrowers in 2011 and uses secondary data. Main Findings : This study still finds the gender equality issues exist in the Grameen Bank Sixteen Decisions texts and the Sixteen Decisions campaign strategies for women borrowers’ empowerment especially due to the issue of dowry. Policy Recommendation: This critical analysis is very important to empower Grameen Bank women borrowers because the campaign should be made more effective in addressing women’s issues like dowry-less marriage. Grameen Bank should revise the Sixteen Decisions texts and support borrowers in their anti-dowry and anti-teen age marriage campaign in Bangladesh. 17. Tenhunen, S. (2008). The gift of money: rearticulating tradition and market economy in rural West Bengal. Modern Asian Studies, 42(5), 1035-1055. Motivation and objective : This article examines the rise of dowry system injanta, a West Bengali village in the Bankura district, where the dowry payments are a relatively new phenomenon. The oldest generation in Janta had experienced times when no demands for money or other gifts had been made during marriage arrangements, but since the 1950S huge dowry payments have become the central financial transactions in the region. In addition to oral history interviews on dowry  practices, the author draws from his research on the changes in caste, gender and class relationships in the village. Findings : The gift of money does not merely represent class and economic identities, rather, its intr oduction is connected to a reconstruction of gender and caste identities as well. The article demonstrates how the giving of money has influenced other categories of gifts, while the market logic has drawn from cultural considerations. Yet, money is not the only agent in the process; gifts are essentially about constructing social and cultural identities: the interconnected domains of gender, kinship, caste and class. The introduction of the monetary gift has made it possible to make connections and set a price on different aspects of personhood facilitating and intensifying the connections between different discourses on personhood. 18. Shenk, M. K. (2007). Dowry and public policy in contemporary India. Human Nature, 18(3), 242-263. Motivation and objective :. This paper argues that a functionalist perspective on dowry could lead to improved dowry policy, and that an approach based in human behavioral ecology (HBE) is uniquely suited to this task. Design/methodology/approach – The author develop a behavioral ecology model of Indian dowry and test it with quantitative and qualitative data Main Findings : The author conclude that if dowry legislation is to achieve broad support or bring about effective social change, it must address and support the positive motivations for and effects of dowry and take a targeted approach to dowry violence, which is not uniformly distributed across regions, castes, or social 19. Rao, V. P., & Rao, V. N. (1980). The dowry system in Indian marriages: attitudes, expectations and practices. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 99-113.. Motivation and objective :The study examined the students’ expectations of dowry for persons with different educational background, their attitudes and feelings about the dowry system, and the practices of dowry payments in immediate and kin families Design/methodology/approach – The questionnaire method was used to collect data from a sample of 585 college students from  India Main Findings The study revealed that the average dowry expectation were not consistent With the number of years of education but were in line with the prestige of education. Non-Hindus, metropolitan residents, high socioeconomic status students, and medical students expected higher dowry than their counterparts. The majority of the respondents considered dowry unimportant in settling a marriage and felt that the present dowry system should be discontinued. However, most of the respondents’ brothers received dowry while their families gave dowry to their sisters. The kin families also practiced dowry payment at the time of marriage. The students seemed equalitarian in terms of control over the dowry as most believed that both husband and wife should decide how to spend it. Inconsistency in the attitudes are also observed as three-fourths of the sample considered dowry unimportant in the settlement of a marriage but nearly one-third of the males and 40 per cent of their parents expected to receive dowry when the respondents got married. 20. Freed, R. S., & Freed, S. A. (1989). Beliefs and practices resulting in female deaths and fewer females than males in India. Population and Environment, 10(3), 144-161. Motivation and objective:. A preference for sons and the low status of females are implicated in the preponderance of males over females as reported in each census of India from the first one taken in the 19th century. A number of cultural practices, some of which are quite ancient, are involved in this such as sexual imbalance and dowry murder. This discussion is sees the determinants of female deaths in India. Design/methodology/approach – This discussion is based both on 19th and 20th century sources and on fieldwork conducted in the North Indian village of Shanti Nagar in 1958–59 and 1977–78. Findings : It is found that dowry act as one of the determinants that resulted in female deaths which is more commonly known as Dowry Murder Policy Recommendation: The modern Government of India has s ought to abolish dowry which would, presumably, put an end to dowry murder.